Book Riots Deals of the Day for September 26th, 2019

Book Riot’s Deals of the Day for September 26th, 2019 Sponsored by TBR, our subscription service for personalized reading recommendations! These deals were active as of this writing, but may expire soon, so get them while they’re hot! Todays  Featured Deals American War by Omar El Akkad for $1.99. Get it here, or just click on the cover image below. 2312 by Kim Stanley Robinson for $2.99.  Get it here, or just click on the cover image below. Geekerella by Ashley Poston for $1.99.  Get it here, or just click on the cover image below. In Case You Missed Yesterdays Most Popular Deals The Raven Boys by Maggie Stiefvater for $2.99.  Get it here, or just click on the cover image below. The Pillars of the Earth  by Ken Follett for $1.99.  Get it here, or just click on the cover image below. 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Arthur Miller About Witches - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1331 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2019/05/31 Category Literature Essay Level High school Topics: The Crucible Essay Did you like this example? Arthur Miller was a famous playwright, author, and film writer in the mid-20th century, who published many works, one of them being The Crucible. Born in 1915, Miller was raised in New York City, a peak area to establish a love for the arts due to its grand displays of plays and shows. Miller grew up in a failing household, so he worked for a decent amount of time in an auto-parts warehouse, before attending college at the University of Michigan. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Arthur Miller About Witches" essay for you Create order During his time in school, Miller won two Avery Hopwood awards for his early work in playwriting. After school Miller returned to New York to pursue this career, and had several small releases while writing for the Federal Theater Project, the Columbia Workshop, and the Cavalcade of America. In 1947, Millerrs career boomed. Some of his many successes included All of my Sons, Death of a Salesman, and his famous play The Crucible. Some of Millers awards he won include the Theater Guild National Prize, Antoinette Perry Award, Emmy Award, and even a Pulitzer Prize award for drama. Millerrs view on the world can be interpreted through his many works he created, in which he saw the realism in everyday life, and avoided the fake masks placed over most things. Arthur lived a full life, passing away in early 2005 in Connecticut, leaving behind the legacy he created in New York (Arthur Miller). Throughout his playwright career, Arthur Miller addressed many social and political issues. In Millerrs The Crucible, he confronts the hard truth of what peoplers behavior did during the Salem witch trials to seemingly innocent women, along with relating it to Senator Joseph McCarthyrs desire to expose alleged communists in the federal government and Hollywood in the early 1950rs. The Crucible tells the true and saddening tales of several women being persecuted and killed for being accused as witches without viable proof, and his annoyance with the people of Salem can be interpreted through the text. Miller personally faces McCarthyrs crazed hunt for communists by indire ctly comparing it to the lengths people went through during the Salem witch trials to expose weird neighbors or people they disliked. While it takes some thought and consideration, it is easy to interpret Millerrs opinions and views through his work and the way he portrays characters in his stories (Schechter). During the colonial period of early American history, Massachusetts held some very extreme religious and political views. Early Massachusetts was populated by very devout Puritans who traveled from England to escape the discriminatory Catholic and Anglican churches. The settlers were mainly influenced by John Winthrop, who preached to the people that they should create a City upon a Hill, or a model Christian society. The people of the early Massachusetts Bay Colony were very influenced by their desire to uphold their Puritan ideals, so they limited political opportunities to people of their church, and made Puritanism the state-wide religion. Tens of thousands of Puritans seeking religious freedom came to Massachusetts within the next decade, and Puritanism became nearly the only religion of the state. Within the next years, the Puritan church established the idea of predestination, that a select devoted few were hand-chosen by God to be saved after life, which caused the relig ious citizens to abide by all of the churchrs laws and rules in worship and charitableness. When people such as Roger Williams, Salemrs Puritan minister, tried to institute true religious freedom in Massachusetts, they were banished from the state, forced to find a new place to live. The people of colonial Massachusetts believed both men and women could be saved by God in the afterlife, but women were still the inferior gender. This political view of the people made female preachers such as the upcoming Anne Hutchinson in Massachusetts Bay have very difficult times thriving. Hutchinson was wrongfully accused of disregarding the rules of the Puritan church and was banished, similarly to Roger Williams. Early Massachusetts settlers had many contradictory laws to what they previously believed when they lived in the Old World. Puritans migrated to Massachusetts Bay to seek religious asylum from the growing Church of England, but when they got established, the people didnt allow re ligious freedom to people that did not belong to the Puritan Church. Overall, Massachusetts had some very extreme religious and political views during the colonial era and the beginnings of their colony and state (Henretta et al. 61-63). The beliefs of witches and witchcraft held by the people of the New England colonies in the late seventeenth century were awoken by a group of girls in Salem, Massachusetts who took the tales told by a West Indian slave woman too seriously. The girls took deep interest in her tales of voodoo and sorcery, and got too caught up in the witch-craze to back out, starting a town-wide witch hunt, including neighbors accusing neighbors, poor accusing rich, and visa versa (Bacon). During the late seventeenth century, adolescent girls had the lowest amount of power in the community of Salem due to the sexist class structure. When a group of adolescent girls believed they had witnessed witchcraft, the whole class structure was pushed aside to allow these girls to share their stories. The desire to expose witches and those dabbling in the devilrs work was so great, that the widely inferior were given the utmost priority. Witches during this era could be described through many seemingly ridi culous ways. For one, witches could often be found flying on brooms to designated meeting places where they would sign over their souls in the devilrs book. The simplest things would be blamed on witchcraft during this chaotic era. Farm animals dying, crops failing, and even sudden illnesses would be blamed on rivals or neighbors using sorcery to bring them defeat. The typical accused witch would be a middle-aged woman who had no kids and was not the ideal submissive lady. Suspected witches would be held in jail, with ironclads around their legs so they would be unable to fly away and escape. If proven a witch, a woman would be burned at a stake, or more commonly hung publicly at the gallows. Over 200 people were accused of being witches and 20 were executed. Accused women often had no way out, so they would have to result to accusing different women in exchange for a lesser sentence. The early seventeenth century was a rough time for women, as being accused of being a witc h had no recovery (Collins). McCarthyism was a campaign to expose hidden communists in the US government in the early to mid 1950rs, headed by a man named Joseph McCarthy. McCarthy was a Wisconsin Senator in the 1950s, who made ludicrous accusations that people of power in the United States were secretly communists. During the 1950s, there was great concerns of post-war retaliations, and many people feared that communists had infiltrated the American government. So much so, that a Wisconsin Senator was able to follow through with a witch hunt comparable to the Salem witch trials on a mission to seek out and expose hidden alleged communists in society. McCarthy started the chaos by giving a speech in which he shared that he personally knew 2015 card-carrying members of the Communist party that had successfully infiltrated the US government. In early 1950, McCarthy went to the senate with many fallible claims of proof of communists intervening. No matter how unreliable the evidence was, or whether he used t he same stories on different people, the Senate listened intently and called for a full investigation. The general public did nothing to stop the accusations of innocent people, and often helped provide possible communist spies to the government. McCarthy influenced politics in the 1950s by restarting the communist witch hunts and bringing fear of the red plague back into the eyes of American citizens. He brought the ridiculous trials of the Salem witch hunt back in a modern way, but with the same dubious claims and unreliable evidence lacking of real proof (McCarthyism).

Why Do Rush Into Something Permanent Like Marriage

Cohabitating with your significant other is not out of the ordinary for today’s standards, and more and more seem to take on this trend instead of marrying. Why rush into something permanent like marriage, when living together is like a test trial for the future? More adults are choosing to cohabitate and have children rather then get married. Studies show a rising number that moving in with your partner, and having children before marriage is not uncommon. Cohabiators like myself say marriage is a piece of paper, and residing with a partner is not uncommon to show serious commitment. I believe it is important to live with someone before you marry him or her. It is no longer out of the ordinary to live with your partner before marriage. Pew Research Center shows that more adults ages 25 to 34 have never been married and live with their significant other. Research also shows that 24% of young adults cohabitate instead of tying the knot. In my opinion, living together without being married still shows that people are committed to a relationship without a piece of paper; no more wishing to play house with the one you love—its actually possible. Living together is a big commitment both parties must be ready for. The fact is that living together not only show legal commitment, but also a mutual commitment between the couples that choose to cohabitate rather then become married. Nowadays, people are choosing to live with their partner and have children. A study made by the TimeShow MoreRelatedShakespeare s Playwrights And Poetry Empower People1519 Words   |   7 Pages Shakespeare’s playwrights and poetry empower people to do great things, prove to serve as living textbooks, and also help educate people. It’s important to experience his works, for they are truly inspirational arts that motivate people to do exceptional things and perhaps break a vicious cycle of corruption. 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The only reason the man was allowed to see him was out of respect for his father. All I could do (for the moment) is to sit quietly and listen to the man yap through his substance hole on his face about the special relationship he had with his father. When the man had requested a meeting trough one of the people who worked for my father and wasRead MoreInterpersonal Communication Final Paper2480 Words   |  10 Pagesand feelings during conflict with your husband, it’s doing something very negative to your physiology, and in the long term it will affect your health†. By holding on to grudges it will be detrimental to your marriage. Over time how we relate to each other constantly changes because our relationships grow. We also change as we get older and as the relationship progresses. It takes time to build an interpersonal relationship in our marriage. 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Ptcl Report Free Essays

1. Introduction: Pakistan Telecommunication Company Limited  (PTCL) is a  mega corporation  and a leading telecommunication authority in the  State of Pakistan. The corporation provides and enforces policies for the telephonic services nation-wide and is the backbone for country’s telecommunication infrastructure despite arrival of a dozens other telecommunication corporations, including  Telenor Corps  and  China Mobile Ltd. We will write a custom essay sample on Ptcl Report or any similar topic only for you Order Now The corporation managed and operates around ~2000 telephone exchanges across the country, providing the largest fixed line network. Data and backbone services such as GSM, CDMA, Broadband Internet, and IPTV, wholesale are an increasing part of its business. From the beginnings of Posts ; Telegraph Department in 1947 and establishment of Pakistan Telephone ; Telegraph Department in 1962, PTCL has been a major player in telecommunication in Pakistan. Despite having established a network of enormous size, PTCL workings and policies have attracted regular criticism from other smaller operators and the civil society of Pakistan. Pakistan Telecommunication Corporation (PTC) took over operations and functions from Pakistan Telephone and Telegraph Department under Pakistan Telecommunication Corporation Act 1991. In 1995, Pakistan Telecommunication (Reorganization) Ordinance formed the basis for PTCL monopoly over basic telephony in the country. The provisions of the Ordinance were lent permanence in October 1996 through Pakistan Telecommunication (Reorganization) Act. The same year, Pakistan Telecommunication Company Limited was formed and listed on all stock exchanges of Pakistan PTCL launched its mobile and data services subsidiaries in 2001 by the name of Ufone and PakNet respectively. None of the brands made it to the top slots in the respective competitions Lately, however, Ufone had increased its market share in the cellular sector. The PakNet brand has effectively dissolved over the period of time. Recent DSL services launched by PTCL reflect this by the introduction of a new brand name and operation of the service being directly supervised by PTCL. . 1 Vision To be the leading Information and Communication Technology Service Provider in the region by achieving customer satisfaction and maximizing shareholders’ value’. The future is unfolding around us. In times to come, we will be the link that allows global communication. We are striving towards mobilizing the world for the future. By becoming partners in innovation, we are ready to shape a future that offers telecom services that bring us closer. 1. 2 Mission To achieve our mission by having: An organizational environment that fosters professionalism, motivation and quality * An environment that is cost effective and quality conscious * Services that are based on the most optimum technology * â€Å"Quality† and â€Å"Time† conscious customer service * Sustained growth in earnings and profitability 4. SERVICES OF PTCL Pakistan Telecommunication Company Limited not only Provides Conventional telephone facilities, it also offers optical fiber services to the private sector. We will briefly discuss below the product lines being offered by the PTCL. Basically PTCL divide their services into two parts. 1 Services for consumers2. Services for corporate customers 4. 1 Services for Consumers These services are basically for the common users (Individual/home users) those use telephone in their home/work place and they are basically non business users. a) New Telephone Connections: As mentioned earlier, PTCL is presently the only telecom company, who provided fixed-line telephony in the country. So whenever, any Private business concern or any individual needs a new telephone connection for provision of telephone service. ) Value Added Services: CLI (Caller’s Line Identification) Caller Line Identification (CLI): Calling line Identification (CLI) allow customers to identify the caller before picking up the phone receiver. To subscribe to CLI services, customer needs a telephone set with display capability or a CLI device attached to the phone. Thereby generating an account on I/N platform and any call made from that telephone w ill be charged to this account. The service will provide state of art technological facilities to the subscribers. 5. CUSTOMER CARE CUSTOMER SERVICES DEPARTMENT PTCL has established its Customer Services Department at different levels the overview of the said department is as follows. Corporate  Customer  Care  Center  Operation  Region  Level Customer  Services  Centers  Tensile  Level Toll  Free  Help  Lines  for  Complaint  Ã‚  Enquiry now we briefly introduce the functions of these: Corporate Customer Care Center  to facilitate Corporate Customers PTCL has established Corporate Customer Care Centers at all Operation Regional Head Quarter Level, in all the meager cities countrywide. The Corporate Customers can get their problems resolved under one roof in a one window environment by dialing UAN 111-20 20 2. The Customer Relation Officers register the complaints forward these to the related office. Customer Services Centers to facilitate consumers PTCL has established Customer Services Centers at all Tensile Level cities/offices. Here the consumers can use Fax Facility, Voice Telephony for  Local/NWD/ISD dialing. On divisional Offices Level duplicate phone bills may also be obtained from C. S. C’s. Toll Free Help Lines PTCL offers state-of-the-art call center network to its all type of valued customers for  convenient frequently asked Questions, Complaints regarding their services, T/No enquiry. The following three Toll Free T/Numbers are available for this purpose. a) 1236 (Service Activation) This toll free No is used to change the tariff packages of land line, WLL (V-fone),v PTCL phone n net service activation, for Broad Band customers. The service activation is electronically ordered activated within 24 hours through concerned department) 1217 (Telephone Directory)This facility is also Toll Free is used to obtain the telephone numbers of some specific subscribers (College, Govt. offices, Private offices etc. ). This is centralized is being used as Telephone Directory) 1218 (Land Line Complaints 6. Projects and Assignments During Internship I was assigned to submit the daily market visit report to the consultant officer in which I had to find out the new costumers as well as to write down the complaints of the costumers regarding the products they use or any suggestions were always welcomed. Also I was assigned to meet at least 15 prospects and make them aware about Products and services like BB, Evo, IPtv, D-SET, H-set, Pstn, and Tab For this publicity I was trained for one week to make right publicity about the organization. . Recommendations: * Pakistan Telecommunication Company should Increase Publicity and Advertisement Activities. * Recruitment and selection opportunities should be increased. * Free Seminars should be organized. * They should not only focus on metropolitan cities but also should take close attention to the rural areas and small towns. * They should improve their Costu mer care services. * To increase their sell activities they should create better strategies. How to cite Ptcl Report, Essay examples

Local Authority and Energy Service †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Local Authority and Energy Service. Answer: Introduction: Tina has to be advised about her legal position as the sole trader of her garage in relation to Brad, who was her employee and was made in charge when Tina was on sick leave for 4 months. But he enjoyed the position so much that he did not refrain from ordering oil even when he was told to do so. The issue also arises in respect to Paul a salesman appointed by Tina, who sold a Wagon worth $19,000 from Tina to Fred, knowing that Fred was willing to pay $25,000 for the wagon and therefore he secretly tried to make some money out of the transaction. In a sole trading (Salmon, 2016) business, an individual is alone responsible for all the legal aspects of the business which means any kind of loss or debt will be barred by the owner. This form of business (Tricker Tricker, 2015) is simple and not expensive type in Australia. In this case Tina is a sole trader of her garage and she has the power to make all the decisions regarding her company and she has employees to help her. There are certain legal (Banerjee, 2015) positions that are enjoyed by the sole proprietorship (Whitehead, 2014) business, they are the following: The sole trader has the power to start as well as end the business at their own discretion because there are no legal formalities needed for setting up such a business structure. A sole trader is obliged by the general laws of the land there is no separate provisions made to govern them. There is no difference between the sole trader and the sole trading business. There is unlimited liability (Lawson, 2014) in a sole proprietorship from of business; due to no difference can be made among the business and its personal assets. The proprietor has the rights (Sturtz, 2013) and freedom to decide the duration of the working hours of the company, the goods or services it will be providing to the consumers, the place of its operation, and also has the rights to decide the contracts it would enter into without needing consultation from anyone else. The sole proprietor has full control and with such control has full liability too. Liabilities include financial obligations that have to borne by the sole trader. Banks provide loan to the sole traders as personal loans. Since all the liability of the company is with the sole trader, it sometimes becomes very difficult. The Court also considers the sole trading business and the trader the same, so if a situation arises of being sued it will be the same to sue the sole trader or the business. The sole proprietors all private assets (Chappell Dunn, 2015) like their home, car, bank account and so on are considered as risk. Since the sole trader and its business are seen as a single entity by the government. In this case, Tina had made Brad in charge of her garage while she was away for 4 months on a sick leave (McLaughlin, 2013). Brad was instructed by Tina to order petrol while she was away. Later, when she was back she took charge of everything. Brad, ignored this fact and still ordered petrol as he used to before from Caltex. While, Tina had made a more profitable negotiation with BP, for ordering petrol. Tina being the boss of her garage has the right to make all the decisions regarding the management and the business of her garage. Her managerial duties start from the day her business started and would end with the last day of the business. Thus, Brad was liable to Tina. Later in this case when Paul, a salesman of used vehicles (Marx, 2015) appointed by Tina, sold Tinas Wagon to his neighbour for $25,000 and paid Tina only $19,000. Tina was very furious. But she being the owner had rights to make all the decisions and thus, Paul would be liable to Tina for his act. The sole proprietor of a company has all the right and powers to decide anything in relation to the company, without getting any consultation from any third person. Tina had to comply with federal and the state business license. Tina should have basic idea about the laws of the Sole trading companies and have the access to attorneys in case of any legal action takes place in the company in relation to the customer of the garage or the employees of her garage. Consultation with a lawyer becomes mandatory when a legal issue is derived in the company. An owner of a sole trading company has various types of tasks and responsibilities that they have to fulfil starting from the incorporation of the company to the managing of the company. Depending on the type of the trade the role and the responsibility of the trader keeps changing. In a sole proprietorship form of business, the profits are taxed as personal taxes. Although there are certain advantages, like the formation of such companies are easy and quick due to its simple structure. There is no need for accounts to be audited or file any annual returns and management is very easy as there is only one owner. The profits made are only the sole traders share alone. Despite such advantages, there are certain disadvantages too; there is a risk due to the liability being limited. The sole trader becomes personally liable for all losses incurred. There is no tax exemption in such form of trade. The scopes to borrow funds in a sole trade are very limited. The owner has to usually give in his own private assets, to get personal loans from the bank. Legal advice has to be given to the three partners, George, Sara and Mary who own an company called, Computer Solution along with their forth partner Simon. There has been breach of contract by Simon who made transactions worth $12,000 which was not agreed by the partners. They had only agreed to have the authority to enter into contacts up to $10,000 without each others consent. In a partnership (Selwyn Emi, 2014) form of company, there are two or more owners who form a company to share the profit and loss of a company. The rights and duties of the partners are governed (Glasby Dickinson, 2014) by the partnership agreements, which may be in writing or implied. The partnership form of business is also governed by the Partnership Act. A written agreement is always preferred to avoid disputes among the partners in a firm. The partners enter into an agreement and are all liable under the obligations made in the agreement. Similarly, Simon, Sara, George and Mary too entered in a partnership agreement, which has stated that every partner had authority to enter into transactions worth $10,000 on behalf of their company. And any transaction (Thaler, 2014) beyond $10,000 would need to be approved by all the partners. The issue that is being discussed is the potential (Snopko, 2014) liabilities and the legal rights partners have with each other in a company. The major acts to be followed by the partners are Partnership Act 1895, Limited Partnership Act 1990 and the Corporations Act 2001. One of the most prominent cases on partnership is Cox V Hickman. The Partnership Act 1895 describes the meaning of partnership; there should be no deceiving (Day, 2016) and cheating of the partners among each other. The outcome of the case, Cox V Hickman, it was stated that on the basis of shared (Hannon Bolton, 2015) profits one cannot decide whether partnership exists. Thus the court had supported Cox when he disregarded the liability. In order to me a partnership firm the firm should meet all the requirements needed under the Act. Every partner in the partnership firm has to act in accordance with good faith towards each other and not take any kind of advantage through misrepresentation or concealment with each other. There is duty of loyalty (Williams, 2014) which prevents the partners from making any profit secretly at the cost or expense of the firm for their personal use. If a partner indulges in promoting any kind of competing business, in this case the partner shall be held liable for the damages (Fooks Gilmore, 2014) made by him. The partners must also note the limitations adopted by the majority of their partners, in regard to the partnership details. For instance, if the majority of the partners function in a company and decide that the sales of the company cannot be made on credit basis, the partners should obey the limitation. Thus, in this case, too, the four partners were bound by the Limitation Act, and could not enter into any transactions beyond $10,000 with each others approval. Simon did not obey the limitation made by the partners and entered into a transaction worth $12,000 with Sunstar Computer Hardware Ltd. thus in this case Simon will be liable under the Limitations Act. but his transactions with the Beaut Ute Ltd. for $9,000 will not make him liable to his other partners as he had obeyed the rule of limitation for this transaction made. The partners had agreed to make transaction worth up to $10,000 for the company without consulting (Meuer, 2014) each other, only when the transactions were more than $10,000 only then they had to consult all the partners prior to making the transactions. The partners in a company must take reasonable care in making transactions in the partnership company as they are liable for any loss resulting due to failure to act with good care. It is the duty of all the partners to keep each other informed at all times. All the partners are also have to take equal part in the transactions of the company, it is not accepted that one partner contributes more in financial terms than the other partner. The partners have equal right to inspect the books of partnership. All the partners are equal in a partnership firm and have the same rights and duties in the firm. The profit and loss in a firm are also shared by the partners of the company. Conclusion The outcome of the case would result that Simon had made a breach of contract with the other partners under the Limitations Act, 1963. The transaction he had made with the Sunstar Company was beyond $10,000 and he was liable for that, but Simon was not liable for the $9,000 transaction made to Beaut ute Ltd, since he obeyed the law of limitations in this case. The law of limitation keeps a constant check on the cases and the partners in relation to which the suit can be filled and the time available within which the individual can get remedies. Section 5 of the Limitation Act, gives opportunity to the litigants to go and file applications that are beyond the defined time. Article 64 and 65 of the Limitations Act, 1963 focuses on the adverse possession. Reference List: Banerjee, B. (2015).Fundamentals of Financial management. PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.. Chappell, D., Dunn, M. H. (2015).The architect in practice. John Wiley Sons. Day, N. C. (2016). Working in partnership to address the risks of transporting goods by road. InRisk, Reliability and Safety: Innovating Theory and Practice(pp. 1700-1704). CRC Press. Fooks, G., Gilmore, A. B. (2014). International trade law, plain packaging and tobacco industry political activity: the Trans-Pacific Partnership.Tobacco control,23(1), e1-e1. Glasby, J., Dickinson, H. (2014).Partnership working in health and social care: what is integrated care and how can we deliver it?. Policy Press. Hannon, M. J., Bolton, R. (2015). UK Local Authority engagement with the Energy Service Company (ESCo) model: Key characteristics, benefits, limitations and considerations.Energy Policy,78, 198-212. Lawson, T. (2014). The nature of the firm and peculiarities of the corporation.Cambridge Journal of Economics, beu046. Marx, K. (2015).On the question of free trade. Arsalan Ahmed. McLaughlin, S. (2013).Unlocking Company Law 2nd Edition. Routledge. Meuer, J. (2014). Archetypes of inter-firm relations in the implementation of management innovation: A set-theoretic study in Chinas biopharmaceutical industry.Organization Studies,35(1), 121-145. Salmon, M. (2016).Women and the law of property in early America. UNC Press Books. Selwyn, N. M., Emir, A. (2014).Selwyn's law of employment. Oxford University Press, USA. Snopko, J. (2014). Public-private partnership and hybrid projects as an effective method for financing local government investment projects.Zarz?dzanie Publiczne,27(3), 263-271. Sturtz, L. (2013).Within her power: propertied women in colonial Virginia. Routledge. Thaler, T. (2014). Developing partnership approaches for flood risk management: implementation of inter-local co-operations in Austria.Water International,39(7), 1018-1029. Tricker, R. B., Tricker, R. I. (2015).Corporate governance: Principles, policies, and practices. Oxford University Press, USA. Whitehead, G. (2014).Economics: Made Simple. Elsevier. Williams, B. R. (2014). African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA): Background and Reauthorization.Current Politics and Economics of Africa,7(3), 203.

Gender and Number Systems of English and Bangla free essay sample

English language, number and gender are the major elements of secondary category. They have some individual character traits and features of their own, which make them different than the number and gender systems of other languages. Therefore automatically there comes the issue of compare and contrast them with other languages. In this assignment paper, I will present a detail compare and contrast study of gender and number systems of English and Bangla. In addition, for the better understanding, I would like to present the features of each system first. Gender English gender system: Gender is important as a grammatical category. There is a claim that English doesn’t have any proper gender system. That’s why; gender and sex are often associated together. English has its biological gender, not grammatical gender, because it depends on the division of sexes. In other languages, there is grammatical gender, that is, they have grammatical feature, refers to, all types of words unlike English, that refers to nouns or inanimate objects. We will write a custom essay sample on Gender and Number Systems of English and Bangla or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page David Crystal (1995) said, Gender is a grammatical category used for the analysis of word classes’ displays, such contrasts as masculine or feminine or neuter or animated or inanimate etc. Furthermore he added, In linguistics the discussion of this concept focuses upon the need to distinguish natural and grammatical gender. Grammatical gender has nothing to do with biological gender, but it has an important role in signaling grammatical relationships between words in a sentence. For example, we can present French gender system. In French language, adjective agrees with the noun. But in English, we don’t find this feature. Example: Bon homme – good man Bonne femme good woman Even we find article-adjective-noun agreement in French language. Example: Un beau garcon – a beautiful boy Une belle fille a beautiful girl Characteristics of English gender system: In English there are three common ways to change the gender. They are: ? Adding affix that indicates the sex ?Using a complete new word ?Adding word that indicates the sex-female/male. In English there are three genders: masculine, feminine, neuter. There is another gender also namely, common gender. So we can say that there are four genders in English. But in Hindi, French, Italian and Spanish there are two genders. Russian and German have three genders. In Swahili there are six genders. Moreover, Chinese and Japanese, there is no gender system at all. In European and English languages gender doesn’t change the verb. In Russian, there is a distinct past tense for masculine and feminine. Example: On pisal – he wrote Ona pisala she wrote In Hindi also gender changes the verb. Example: Larki chal rahi hain – the girl is walking Larka chal raha hain – the boy is walking In English, we see he/she. They are absolutely biological gender. There is no grammatical feature. So we can say that, English doest have any grammatical gender, because nouns can’t be classified in terms of adjective or verb like some other languages. The pair system: uncle-aunt, mother-father, brother-sister etc are dependent on sex system. This is a lexical feature. There is no grammatical feature. So, we should say male or female instead of masculine or feminine. Even the Oxford dictionary also defines gender being male and female. In English there are some feminine that don’t have any masculine form, Example: Amazon, Blonde, Flirt, Housewife etc. Again there are some masculine that don’t have any feminine form. Example: Captain, Judge, Knight, Person etc. There are some masculine genders that used as common gender. Example: Man, Hound, Doctor etc. Again there are some feminine gender used as common gender, Example: Bee, Cow, Duck etc. Some counter arguments: There is an argument that sometimes we find some grammatical features in English gender as well. Example: Actor – actress Poet- poetess In this case we are using suffix, so we can say that English has grammatical feature. However we should remember that this adding system is not regular. It is a kind of derivation, one kind of change from one form to another. Another argument is that, in English there are some objects, which we categorize feminine and masculine and there are not based on biological gender. Example: Sun (male)-moon (female) But at this time also we can claim that this division is also based on biological system, because nouns which indicate beauty, softness, weakness, love, devotion are treated as feminine and which indicate boldness, strength, death fear are treated as masculine. So here also the division is based on sex system. So, all these above mentioned discussions are enough to justify that English doesn’t have any grammatical gender system. Gender system in Bangla: In Bengali language, gender means lingo and the meaning of this word is symbol or some kind of sign. The symbol or sign, through which we can trace the identity of male or female in living beings, is called lingo. Jharna Rahman, the author of Adunik Bangla Bakoron ebong Rachana wrote, Bangla gender is dependent on biological system and only living entities have gender system. In Bangla, there are three types of gender: Estri lingo (feminine), Purush lingo (masculine) and klib lingo (neuter). There is another kind of gender called Uboy lingo (common gender), that refers to both feminine and masculine gender. (In this paper, I will use English translation for naming the types of Bangla genders) Characteristics of Bangla genders: In Bangla there are three ways to change the form of gender: ?Adding suffixes ?Adding another word ?Adding words that indicate a particular sex. In Bangla, gender doesn’t change the verb. Example: Meyeti gun gai- the girl sings Cheleti gun gai- the boy sings There are some permanent feminine gender that don’t have any masculine form: Example: Shatma, shatin, shajoni, lalana etc. There are some masculine, that don’t have any feminine form: Example; Bipotnik,daki, kritodar etc Counter argument: There are some genders in Bangla that show some other meaning instead of indicating only the biological difference. Example: Natok-natika (indicating smallness) Male-malika Git-gitika Aranaya-aranayani (idicating leargeness) However this is very rare. Compare and contrast of English and Bangla gender system: Similarities: The classification of Bangla and English gender is same, that is-masculine, feminine, neuter and common gender. Like English gender systems, Bangla also follows the same ways to change the gender from one form to another. Bangla and English both depend on biological gender system. They don’t have any proper grammatical feature in them. The gender of Bangla and English doesn’t change the verb. Dissimilarities: In English, there is individual word to trace male and female that is he for male and she for female. On the other hand, in Bangla, we use the same word to indicate both male and female: She (he/she)both for male and female. In English, adjectives don’t have any proper way of gendering. Example: Beautiful boy Beautiful girl In Bangla, we see that even adjectives have genders as well. Example: Shundury maye-beautiful girl Shundur chaley-beautiful boy We see that adjectives are changing their forms. More or less these are the similarities and dissimilarities between Bangla and English genders. Number Number system in English: Number of person and thing means number. According to Oxford Dictionary, Number is a word or symbol that represents an amount or a quantity. In English, there are two types of number: Singular Plural David Crystal (1995) said, Number in grammatical category used for the analysis of word classes displaying such contrasts as singular, plural and dual etc. In Sanskrit and Greek languages, there are three types of number: singular, plural and dual. Thus in Arabic we find: Malikun-a king Malikani-two kings Malikuna-kings In Chinese and Vietnamese, there is no grammatical category of number. In these languages the distinction between one and many is made by means of numeral or a word meaning several. When it is left unmarked, it can be traced as one. Features of number in English: Number raises fewer problems. The European languages have the distinction of singular and plural, marked in both the noun and the verb. The verb usually agrees with the noun. In English also, we find this feature. Example: The boy comes. The boys come. In some languages such as French, there is agreement with article and adjective as well as verb. Example: The little boy- le petit garcon The little boys- les petits garcons English number has some concord restrictions with verbs. Example: The man comes The men come Again it has some concord restrictions with the demonstratives as well. Example: This man These men One slight anomaly is that the present tense forms of verb are not simply divided morphologically into singular and plural. The division is rather between 3rd person singular number and the rest. Example: He goes VS I go or we go. Number in English closely associated with a category of noun that is countable and uncountable or countable or mass. The distinction is between words like book, cat and petrol, butter. The grammatical difference between countable and uncountable is that the uncountable don’t have any plural form and do not occur with the indefinite article. Example: One can’t say, give me a petrol or petrols. On the other hand the countable noun can’t be used without an article except that is plural. Example: He reads a book or he reads books. It is also possible to change the countable into uncountable and the uncountable into countable. Example: Petrol-uncountable A petrol I like much brand X. -countable Giraffe –countable Would u like some giraffe? -uncountable but meaning is changed Some singular number and collectives are commonly used with plural verb Example: The comity have decided Bangladesh have won But in this case we have to remember one thing that although the verb is plural but we cant use plural demonstratives before them. Example: We can’t say, these comity have†¦ Some nouns have no singular forms and they cant be used as numerous. Example: A pair of trousers, but not one trouser. A pair of shoes, but not a pair of shoe. But here we can use plural demonstratives. Example; These pants are good. In the number system of English, there are some anomalous plural forms that look like singular but are plural in meaning. Example: Police, clergy, government, mob etc. There are some nouns plural in form but singular in use. Example:Gallows, mathematics, politics, news etc. There are some nouns that look like plural but can be used both for plural and singular. Example: Corps, series, innings, spices etc. There are some nouns that don’t have any plural forms. Example: Alphabet, furniture, off-spring, poetry etc. There are some nouns that don’t have any singular forms. Example: Aborigines, aims, amends, annals, vitals, etc. Bangla gender system: In Bangla, number means bachan. It means the idea of number. In Bangla grammar, expressing the number of noun or adjective is called bachan. In Bangla, there are two types of bachan or number; Ekbachan-singular Bahubachan-plural The features of Bangla bachan or number : In Bangla usually we use ta, ti, khana, kahni, gasa, gasi etc to indicate singular number or ekbachan. We use words like ra, era, gulu, guli, der, shob, shokol, kul, brindo, pal, raji, rashi etc to indicate plural number or bahubachan. In bachan, honor or status is attributed. Usually we use ra era for only human beings and gulo, guli for lower ranked animals or for some non-living things. Example: Manushera maronshil. men are mortal Aamgulo tak- these mangoes are sour. Bangla bachan doesn’t change the verb. Example; Lokera jai- men go Lokti jai- man goes Bachan has some concord restrictions with the demonstratives. Plural demonstratives can’t be used with bahubachan. Example: We can’t say eigulo lokgulo bajare jai. The correct sentence is, ei lokgulo bajare jai-these men go to market. In bachan, double usage of bahubachan is not allowed at the same time. Example: Shokol manushera moronshil-incorrect Shob manush or manushera moronshil-correct (men are mortal). There are some bahubachan that look like ekbachan. Example: Pokar akromone fashal noshto-the corps have been damaged by the insects. Bajare lok jomese-people have gathered in the market. Sometimes the double usage of ekbachan indicates bahubachan. Example; Hari hari shondesh-lots of sweets Kari kari taka-lots of money There are some foreign words in Bangla bachan that express their number system following the rules of that particular language. Example; Murid-muridan Shaheb-shaheban After plural numeral, there will be not another plural indicator. Example; Du dozen but not du dozengulo-2dozens Pach hali but not pach haligulo- 5 halies Exception: Karimera kal chale jabe, doesn’t mean that there are more than one karim, rather it means, karim and others of his family. Compare and contrast English and Bangla number system: Similarities: The classification of both English and Bangla number is same: Singular and plural. The idea of countable and uncountable is found in both languages. Like the English number, the Bangla singular number also takes an article before them. Example: Amake ekti kolom dao-give me a pen Dissimilarities: English number changes the verb but Bangla bachan doesn’t change the verb. Example: In English number: man goes Men go In Bangla number: manushera jai Manushti jai In Bangla number, double usage of plural number is wrong, on the other hand in English number it is allowed. Example: In Bangla shokol manushera moronshil is a wrong sentence. But in English all men are mortal is a correct sentence. In Bangla, after a plural numeral another plural indicator is not allowed, conversely in English it is allowed. Example: In Bangla, du dozen is correct, and du dozengulo is incorrect. In English 2 dozens are correct, and 2 dozen is incorrect. In English number there is no problem with honor or status unlike Bangla bachan. Example: In bachan usually ra and era are used only for higher ranked living beings and gulo, guli are used for lower ranks or for non-living beings but in English number, there is nothing like this. In Bangla, sometimes using ekbachan, we can express the sense of bahubachan. Example: ami poaka voi pai-I am afraid of insects. Here this sentence doesn’t mean that I am talking about one particular insect, rather it means that I am afraid of any kind of insects. In English, this usage is rare These are the compare and contrast in between Bangla and English number. Bangla and English are two very different languages in the world, but whenever we try to do some comparative study between the number and gender systems of these two languages, we find they have many similarities in comparison of the dissimilarities.

Free Essays on SARS Case Definition

A suspected case is classified as having disease in a person with documented fever to imperative greater than 38 Centigrade; lower respiratory tract symptoms and contact with a person believed to have had SARS or a history of travel to areas with SARS. A suspected case with (1) chest radiographic pneumonia, (2) acute respiratory distress syndrome or (3) an unexplained respiratory illness in death with autopsy findings consistent with pathology of ARDS without an identifiable cause is classified as a probable case. The surveillance begins on 1 November 2002 to capture cases of atypical pneumonia in China are recognized as SARS. Close contact: having cared, lived with or had a direct contact with respiratory secretions or body fluids of a suspect case of SARS. Suspected Case A person with an unexplained acute respiratory illness resulting in death after 1 November, 2002, but on whom no autopsy has been performed, and one or more of the following exposures during 10 days prior to onset of symptoms: a) contact with a person who is a suspect of SARS, b) history of travel to an area with local transmission of SARS, c) residing in area with recent local transmission of SARS. Probable Case 1. A suspected case with radiographic evidence of infiltrates consistent with pneumonia or respiratory distress syndrome on chest x-ray. 2. A suspect case of SARS coronavirus. 3. A suspect case with autopsy findings consistent with the pathology of ARDS without an identifiable cause. Exclusion Criteria A case should be excluded in an alternative diagnosis can fully explain the illness. Reclassification of Cases As SARS is currently a diagnosis of exclusion, the status of a reported case may change over time. A pattern should always be managed a clinically, regardless of their case status. Â · A case initially classified a suspect or probable, for which an alternative diagnosis can fully explain the illness, should be ... Free Essays on SARS Case Definition Free Essays on SARS Case Definition A suspected case is classified as having disease in a person with documented fever to imperative greater than 38 Centigrade; lower respiratory tract symptoms and contact with a person believed to have had SARS or a history of travel to areas with SARS. A suspected case with (1) chest radiographic pneumonia, (2) acute respiratory distress syndrome or (3) an unexplained respiratory illness in death with autopsy findings consistent with pathology of ARDS without an identifiable cause is classified as a probable case. The surveillance begins on 1 November 2002 to capture cases of atypical pneumonia in China are recognized as SARS. Close contact: having cared, lived with or had a direct contact with respiratory secretions or body fluids of a suspect case of SARS. Suspected Case A person with an unexplained acute respiratory illness resulting in death after 1 November, 2002, but on whom no autopsy has been performed, and one or more of the following exposures during 10 days prior to onset of symptoms: a) contact with a person who is a suspect of SARS, b) history of travel to an area with local transmission of SARS, c) residing in area with recent local transmission of SARS. Probable Case 1. A suspected case with radiographic evidence of infiltrates consistent with pneumonia or respiratory distress syndrome on chest x-ray. 2. A suspect case of SARS coronavirus. 3. A suspect case with autopsy findings consistent with the pathology of ARDS without an identifiable cause. Exclusion Criteria A case should be excluded in an alternative diagnosis can fully explain the illness. Reclassification of Cases As SARS is currently a diagnosis of exclusion, the status of a reported case may change over time. A pattern should always be managed a clinically, regardless of their case status. Â · A case initially classified a suspect or probable, for which an alternative diagnosis can fully explain the illness, should be ...