Gender and Number Systems of English and Bangla free essay sample

English language, number and gender are the major elements of secondary category. They have some individual character traits and features of their own, which make them different than the number and gender systems of other languages. Therefore automatically there comes the issue of compare and contrast them with other languages. In this assignment paper, I will present a detail compare and contrast study of gender and number systems of English and Bangla. In addition, for the better understanding, I would like to present the features of each system first. Gender English gender system: Gender is important as a grammatical category. There is a claim that English doesn’t have any proper gender system. That’s why; gender and sex are often associated together. English has its biological gender, not grammatical gender, because it depends on the division of sexes. In other languages, there is grammatical gender, that is, they have grammatical feature, refers to, all types of words unlike English, that refers to nouns or inanimate objects. We will write a custom essay sample on Gender and Number Systems of English and Bangla or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page David Crystal (1995) said, Gender is a grammatical category used for the analysis of word classes’ displays, such contrasts as masculine or feminine or neuter or animated or inanimate etc. Furthermore he added, In linguistics the discussion of this concept focuses upon the need to distinguish natural and grammatical gender. Grammatical gender has nothing to do with biological gender, but it has an important role in signaling grammatical relationships between words in a sentence. For example, we can present French gender system. In French language, adjective agrees with the noun. But in English, we don’t find this feature. Example: Bon homme – good man Bonne femme good woman Even we find article-adjective-noun agreement in French language. Example: Un beau garcon – a beautiful boy Une belle fille a beautiful girl Characteristics of English gender system: In English there are three common ways to change the gender. They are: ? Adding affix that indicates the sex ?Using a complete new word ?Adding word that indicates the sex-female/male. In English there are three genders: masculine, feminine, neuter. There is another gender also namely, common gender. So we can say that there are four genders in English. But in Hindi, French, Italian and Spanish there are two genders. Russian and German have three genders. In Swahili there are six genders. Moreover, Chinese and Japanese, there is no gender system at all. In European and English languages gender doesn’t change the verb. In Russian, there is a distinct past tense for masculine and feminine. Example: On pisal – he wrote Ona pisala she wrote In Hindi also gender changes the verb. Example: Larki chal rahi hain – the girl is walking Larka chal raha hain – the boy is walking In English, we see he/she. They are absolutely biological gender. There is no grammatical feature. So we can say that, English doest have any grammatical gender, because nouns can’t be classified in terms of adjective or verb like some other languages. The pair system: uncle-aunt, mother-father, brother-sister etc are dependent on sex system. This is a lexical feature. There is no grammatical feature. So, we should say male or female instead of masculine or feminine. Even the Oxford dictionary also defines gender being male and female. In English there are some feminine that don’t have any masculine form, Example: Amazon, Blonde, Flirt, Housewife etc. Again there are some masculine that don’t have any feminine form. Example: Captain, Judge, Knight, Person etc. There are some masculine genders that used as common gender. Example: Man, Hound, Doctor etc. Again there are some feminine gender used as common gender, Example: Bee, Cow, Duck etc. Some counter arguments: There is an argument that sometimes we find some grammatical features in English gender as well. Example: Actor – actress Poet- poetess In this case we are using suffix, so we can say that English has grammatical feature. However we should remember that this adding system is not regular. It is a kind of derivation, one kind of change from one form to another. Another argument is that, in English there are some objects, which we categorize feminine and masculine and there are not based on biological gender. Example: Sun (male)-moon (female) But at this time also we can claim that this division is also based on biological system, because nouns which indicate beauty, softness, weakness, love, devotion are treated as feminine and which indicate boldness, strength, death fear are treated as masculine. So here also the division is based on sex system. So, all these above mentioned discussions are enough to justify that English doesn’t have any grammatical gender system. Gender system in Bangla: In Bengali language, gender means lingo and the meaning of this word is symbol or some kind of sign. The symbol or sign, through which we can trace the identity of male or female in living beings, is called lingo. Jharna Rahman, the author of Adunik Bangla Bakoron ebong Rachana wrote, Bangla gender is dependent on biological system and only living entities have gender system. In Bangla, there are three types of gender: Estri lingo (feminine), Purush lingo (masculine) and klib lingo (neuter). There is another kind of gender called Uboy lingo (common gender), that refers to both feminine and masculine gender. (In this paper, I will use English translation for naming the types of Bangla genders) Characteristics of Bangla genders: In Bangla there are three ways to change the form of gender: ?Adding suffixes ?Adding another word ?Adding words that indicate a particular sex. In Bangla, gender doesn’t change the verb. Example: Meyeti gun gai- the girl sings Cheleti gun gai- the boy sings There are some permanent feminine gender that don’t have any masculine form: Example: Shatma, shatin, shajoni, lalana etc. There are some masculine, that don’t have any feminine form: Example; Bipotnik,daki, kritodar etc Counter argument: There are some genders in Bangla that show some other meaning instead of indicating only the biological difference. Example: Natok-natika (indicating smallness) Male-malika Git-gitika Aranaya-aranayani (idicating leargeness) However this is very rare. Compare and contrast of English and Bangla gender system: Similarities: The classification of Bangla and English gender is same, that is-masculine, feminine, neuter and common gender. Like English gender systems, Bangla also follows the same ways to change the gender from one form to another. Bangla and English both depend on biological gender system. They don’t have any proper grammatical feature in them. The gender of Bangla and English doesn’t change the verb. Dissimilarities: In English, there is individual word to trace male and female that is he for male and she for female. On the other hand, in Bangla, we use the same word to indicate both male and female: She (he/she)both for male and female. In English, adjectives don’t have any proper way of gendering. Example: Beautiful boy Beautiful girl In Bangla, we see that even adjectives have genders as well. Example: Shundury maye-beautiful girl Shundur chaley-beautiful boy We see that adjectives are changing their forms. More or less these are the similarities and dissimilarities between Bangla and English genders. Number Number system in English: Number of person and thing means number. According to Oxford Dictionary, Number is a word or symbol that represents an amount or a quantity. In English, there are two types of number: Singular Plural David Crystal (1995) said, Number in grammatical category used for the analysis of word classes displaying such contrasts as singular, plural and dual etc. In Sanskrit and Greek languages, there are three types of number: singular, plural and dual. Thus in Arabic we find: Malikun-a king Malikani-two kings Malikuna-kings In Chinese and Vietnamese, there is no grammatical category of number. In these languages the distinction between one and many is made by means of numeral or a word meaning several. When it is left unmarked, it can be traced as one. Features of number in English: Number raises fewer problems. The European languages have the distinction of singular and plural, marked in both the noun and the verb. The verb usually agrees with the noun. In English also, we find this feature. Example: The boy comes. The boys come. In some languages such as French, there is agreement with article and adjective as well as verb. Example: The little boy- le petit garcon The little boys- les petits garcons English number has some concord restrictions with verbs. Example: The man comes The men come Again it has some concord restrictions with the demonstratives as well. Example: This man These men One slight anomaly is that the present tense forms of verb are not simply divided morphologically into singular and plural. The division is rather between 3rd person singular number and the rest. Example: He goes VS I go or we go. Number in English closely associated with a category of noun that is countable and uncountable or countable or mass. The distinction is between words like book, cat and petrol, butter. The grammatical difference between countable and uncountable is that the uncountable don’t have any plural form and do not occur with the indefinite article. Example: One can’t say, give me a petrol or petrols. On the other hand the countable noun can’t be used without an article except that is plural. Example: He reads a book or he reads books. It is also possible to change the countable into uncountable and the uncountable into countable. Example: Petrol-uncountable A petrol I like much brand X. -countable Giraffe –countable Would u like some giraffe? -uncountable but meaning is changed Some singular number and collectives are commonly used with plural verb Example: The comity have decided Bangladesh have won But in this case we have to remember one thing that although the verb is plural but we cant use plural demonstratives before them. Example: We can’t say, these comity have†¦ Some nouns have no singular forms and they cant be used as numerous. Example: A pair of trousers, but not one trouser. A pair of shoes, but not a pair of shoe. But here we can use plural demonstratives. Example; These pants are good. In the number system of English, there are some anomalous plural forms that look like singular but are plural in meaning. Example: Police, clergy, government, mob etc. There are some nouns plural in form but singular in use. Example:Gallows, mathematics, politics, news etc. There are some nouns that look like plural but can be used both for plural and singular. Example: Corps, series, innings, spices etc. There are some nouns that don’t have any plural forms. Example: Alphabet, furniture, off-spring, poetry etc. There are some nouns that don’t have any singular forms. Example: Aborigines, aims, amends, annals, vitals, etc. Bangla gender system: In Bangla, number means bachan. It means the idea of number. In Bangla grammar, expressing the number of noun or adjective is called bachan. In Bangla, there are two types of bachan or number; Ekbachan-singular Bahubachan-plural The features of Bangla bachan or number : In Bangla usually we use ta, ti, khana, kahni, gasa, gasi etc to indicate singular number or ekbachan. We use words like ra, era, gulu, guli, der, shob, shokol, kul, brindo, pal, raji, rashi etc to indicate plural number or bahubachan. In bachan, honor or status is attributed. Usually we use ra era for only human beings and gulo, guli for lower ranked animals or for some non-living things. Example: Manushera maronshil. men are mortal Aamgulo tak- these mangoes are sour. Bangla bachan doesn’t change the verb. Example; Lokera jai- men go Lokti jai- man goes Bachan has some concord restrictions with the demonstratives. Plural demonstratives can’t be used with bahubachan. Example: We can’t say eigulo lokgulo bajare jai. The correct sentence is, ei lokgulo bajare jai-these men go to market. In bachan, double usage of bahubachan is not allowed at the same time. Example: Shokol manushera moronshil-incorrect Shob manush or manushera moronshil-correct (men are mortal). There are some bahubachan that look like ekbachan. Example: Pokar akromone fashal noshto-the corps have been damaged by the insects. Bajare lok jomese-people have gathered in the market. Sometimes the double usage of ekbachan indicates bahubachan. Example; Hari hari shondesh-lots of sweets Kari kari taka-lots of money There are some foreign words in Bangla bachan that express their number system following the rules of that particular language. Example; Murid-muridan Shaheb-shaheban After plural numeral, there will be not another plural indicator. Example; Du dozen but not du dozengulo-2dozens Pach hali but not pach haligulo- 5 halies Exception: Karimera kal chale jabe, doesn’t mean that there are more than one karim, rather it means, karim and others of his family. Compare and contrast English and Bangla number system: Similarities: The classification of both English and Bangla number is same: Singular and plural. The idea of countable and uncountable is found in both languages. Like the English number, the Bangla singular number also takes an article before them. Example: Amake ekti kolom dao-give me a pen Dissimilarities: English number changes the verb but Bangla bachan doesn’t change the verb. Example: In English number: man goes Men go In Bangla number: manushera jai Manushti jai In Bangla number, double usage of plural number is wrong, on the other hand in English number it is allowed. Example: In Bangla shokol manushera moronshil is a wrong sentence. But in English all men are mortal is a correct sentence. In Bangla, after a plural numeral another plural indicator is not allowed, conversely in English it is allowed. Example: In Bangla, du dozen is correct, and du dozengulo is incorrect. In English 2 dozens are correct, and 2 dozen is incorrect. In English number there is no problem with honor or status unlike Bangla bachan. Example: In bachan usually ra and era are used only for higher ranked living beings and gulo, guli are used for lower ranks or for non-living beings but in English number, there is nothing like this. In Bangla, sometimes using ekbachan, we can express the sense of bahubachan. Example: ami poaka voi pai-I am afraid of insects. Here this sentence doesn’t mean that I am talking about one particular insect, rather it means that I am afraid of any kind of insects. In English, this usage is rare These are the compare and contrast in between Bangla and English number. Bangla and English are two very different languages in the world, but whenever we try to do some comparative study between the number and gender systems of these two languages, we find they have many similarities in comparison of the dissimilarities.

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